Feb
28

WCRI – Opioids part one, the overview

Dr Karen Mack of CDC led off this morning’s discussion of opioids with a review of the opioid crisis and provided a lot of data on death rates, usage trends, and mortality trends. Pretty scary stuff.

The most compelling slide shows a strong correlation between opioid sales and overdose death trend rates  which, if not parallel, are certainly quite similar.  Encoouragingly, the rate of treatment has actually accelerated over the last few years at a rate that is much higher than opioid usage trends.

Here are a couple takeaways.

First, I was surprised that there were multiple “ooohs’ from the audience when Dr Mack presented info that I would have thought we all knew – e.g. currently there are enough opioids sold in the US to keep every one of us doped up for a month. Ok, I know I’ve been up to my eyeballs in this issue for several years, and others haven’t spent the time on this that we research nerds do.

But.  Come on folks!  This should NOT be a surprise.  The issue has been front-page news in most newspapers, featured on many news broadcasts, discussed by politicians, media, celebrities, not to mention the issue is so pervasive it’s hard to find someone who doesn’t know someone else who’s been directly harmed by opioids.

This is the single biggest issue in workers comp. Kudos to WCRi for dedicating most of day two to the issue.  

Now let’s stop talking about the problem and get moving on solutions.


Feb
27

It has long been known that medical care delivery can vary dramatically from state to state, and even within a state.  Jack Wennberg and his colleagues at Dartmouth have reported deep and long on the issue, with the initial revelation – and it was that – coming forty years ago.  The latest work can be found at the Dartmouth Atlas of healthcare – and it is well worth visiting.

So, here’s the deal – medicine is as much art as science, driven by local knowledge and personal beliefs as much as by best practices and evidence-based clinical guidelines.  While we like to THINK it’s about science, it often isn’t.

WCRI’s Dr Rebecca Yang delivered the initial presentation at WCRI’s annual meeting focused on interstate variation in medical care.  Their analysis looked at surgery, MRIs, pain management injections, and physical medicine; a few highlights (for those not able or willing to make it to Boston this year) include:

  • Surgical rates varied from about 18 percent in Massachusetts to 38 percent in Indiana.
  • MRIs of the lumbar region had an even larger range, from 18% in MA to 50% (FIFTY PERCENT!) in Florida; Florida’s rate was 20% (8 points) above the next highest state.
These data raise multiple questions; do the UR requirements in MA have anything to do with the lower rate of surgery?  Could that rate be affected by Mass’ very low reimbursement for workers’ comp surgery?
Florida has (relatively) tight managed care provisions, yet their MRI rate was 250% of Massachusetts.  Both states have strong UR, and in FL employers can direct. And there’s no discernable variation in the types of injury.  Which begs the question – what are payers not doing that they should be doing in FL?
And another – are there too few MRIs in Massachusetts? ( I personally doubt this, as the rate may well too high even in MA).   Much more in Dr Yang’s presentation…
Ohio State Prof. Tom Wickizer followed Dr Yang.  He gave an excellent background on small area analysis and practice pattern variation.  he mentioned one of my heroes, Dr Jack Wennberg (noted above): and highlighted seminal research indicates “spending 50% – 80% more on health care did not lead to meaningful differences..”
Wickizer quickly pivoted to matters of specific interest to WC, discussing the wide variation in back surgery rates across the nation; there’s a nine-fold difference in the lumbar fusion rate between the northeast and the west…(which says don’t bother pre-certing in New England, but pre-cert every case in the southwest).
So, how does one “fix” this?  Well, guidelines can help improve results – if they are used.  Wickizer said adherence – the usage of guidelines – is often less than 50 percent.  There are a number of reasons for this, but not many are very good (a few are valid).  And, adhering to guidelines does lead to improvement in functional outcomes and better health – although it’s not a dramatic difference (Feuerstein study, 2003).  There was a larger impact in a study of the impact of PT guidelines, with costs and pain rating much lower and better outcomes as well.
All that’s well and good, and it indicates that guidelines can and do help – but they have to be used.  And getting providers to follow guidelines is very difficult – unless you force the issue.  The state of Washington did just that, and delivered better outcomes and lower costs way back in the early nineties… and those better outcomes included lower disability payments.  One can, and probably should, infer that better medical care delivers lower medical costs.
Thereby “proving the meme”…

Feb
27

Report from the Physician Dispensing Summit

Yesterday’s meeting in Boston was very, very productive.  The audience included trade groups, insurers, TPAs, large employers, physicians, researchers, regulators, analysts, PBMs, and media, all focused on the single issue of physician dispensing.

Among the sessions was a report on a just-completed study of the impact of dispensing on claim outcomes – very compelling and highly revealing.

Here were some of the other highlights:

AIA CEO Leigh Ann Pusey led off with the keynote; the fact that Ms Pusey took the time to prepare for and attend the Summit is revealing indeed; her members write over a hundred billion dollars of insurance premiums and are dealing with critical, industry-altering issues including Dodd-Frank, TRIA, and the sequester.  She was very knowledgeable and detailed the work AIA is doing both internally and with other groups and associations.  Suffice it to say that this is a very high priority for AIA and their members.

Dan Reynolds, managing editor of Risk and Insurance moderated an excellent panel on the issue of patient safety.  Pharmacists, a physician, and the nation’s leading authority on prescription drug monitoring programs provided insights into the risks inherent in physician dispensing.  Notably, John Eadie of Brandeis’ PDMP Center for Excellence revealed that most states require/request dispensing physicians access the PDMP prior to dispensing scheduled drugs.   He provided a guide for finding out how different states address the issue; I’ll provide a link in a later post.

Sedgwick’s Kimberly George noted that, where appropriate, the giant TPA uses physician dispensing as a data point in assessing and rating physicians. This can affect the volume of patients directed to specific practitioners.

For me, the major takeaway was CWCI’s analysis of the impact of physician dispensing on claim costs and outcomes.  Alex Swedlow’s concise presentation noted that after reform eliminated the upcharge for repackaged drugs;

  • each physician-dispensed repackaged drug prescription added $545 to the average medical benefit costs. 
  • paid medical benefits on claims with physician-dispensed repackaged drugs averaged $7,297, or 37.3 percent more than the $5,316 average for claims without these types of prescriptions.
  • indemnity payments on claims with physician-dispensed repackaged drugs averaged $5,039, or 28.2 percent more than the $3,930 average for claims without physician-dispensed repackaged drugs.
  • claims with physician-dispensed repacked drugs averaged 50.3 paid TD days – 8.9 percent more than the average of 46.2 days for claims without repackaged drugs.

The research, conducted by Swedlow, John Ireland, and Laura Gardner, destroys physician dispensers’ claim that better outcomes and lower costs result from physician dispensing.  

Undoubtedly, dispensing advocates will now roll out their PR flacks and physician shills in an attempt to refute CWCI’s study results, methodology, impact, and applicability to other states.

Good luck with that.

Swedlow, Ireland, and Gardner are three of the most respected researchers in this industry.  Their expertise, insight, intellectual rigor, and objectivity are beyond question.

With the release of CWCI’s excellent work, we can now refute every claimed benefit offered up by physician dispensers – leaving no doubt as to the only real benefit of the practice:

taking hundreds of million of dollars from taxpayers and employers to do nothing other than line the pockets of dispensing docs, dispensing companies, their investors, and their partners.

What does this mean for you?

Read the study here.

Send it to regulators, employers, policyholders, legislators, lobbyists, attorneys – anyone and everyone.  Get the word out.  


Feb
26

A very busy week – physician dispensing, WCRI, and the sequester

Here’s what’s up this week:

1. I’m at the Physician Dispensing Summit today in Boston hosted by PMSI and Progressive Solutions.  There are around a hundred attendees including regulators, payers, physicians,  researchers, retail pharmacy chains, and other stakeholders.

Among the sessions is the kickoff – Leigh Ann Pusey, CEO of the American Insurance Association – is doing the honors.  When the CEO of a group dealing with Dodd-Frank, the Terrorism Risk Insurance issue, flood insurance, and the sequester takes a day and a half to attend an event, you know the issue is vitally important.

Later on this morning CWCI’s Alex Swedlow will present the result of their research, which demonstrates the impact of physician dispensing on claim costs, outcomes, and disability duration. Tip – the research does NOT support dispensers’ claims that the practice improves outcomes…far from it.

2. WCRI’s annual meeting kicks off tomorrow – sure to be packed with timely info and research on cost drivers.  Nerd heaven…

3.  The sequester will affect workers comp – working on that post but no time to finish it before Friday (sorry!)


Feb
22

Opioids – the IAIABC responds, and others do too…

After failing to approve model language developed by many volunteers working many hours over many months, the IAIABC’s Executive Committee came out with a press release discussing their decision.

First, kudos to the EC for the release. This is a very contentious and highly visible issue, so the release helps explain the decision.  However, the explanation itself has done little to tamp down the furor over the non-decision.

Second, the entire workers comp world had this as a no-brainer; of COURSE the IAIABC would approve model language; opioids are widely recognized as one of if not the biggest problems in workers’ compensation, the model language development process had been going on for over a year, and there was no real indication from the EC that they had significant problems with the language.  As the trade group for WC regulators, the IAIABC absolutely would be out front on this.

The guidelines were going to be discussed in a session at Operation Unite’s National Rx Drug Abuse Summit in April, a session that has been cancelled.  They were also going to be reviewed in another session at the same conference; obviously that’s not going to happen either.

And that’s why the Executive Committee’s failure to approve the model language was such a shocker.

The press release did say the EC wants the language re-done;

“adopting model legislation and regulation on opioid use could be interpreted as too narrow and restrictive for jurisdictions. The Executive Committee was concerned the models could unintentionally create conflict in jurisdictions that may be already taking steps to initiate regulations for appropriate guidelines. However, they contain valuable information, and as such the Executive Committee is asking that the issues addressed in the drafts be re-framed to offer policy considerations rather than a single policy response.”

Michael Gavin, who worked long and hard on the guidelines wrote at PRIUM’s Evidence-based blog that the EC’s failure to approve the model language:

is absolute nonsense and an abject failure on the part of this organization.

I cannot understand how “model” legislation would in any way harm a jurisdiction.  Can the elected leaders in any one of our great states not resist the vast power and influence of the IAIABC?  Is there no way that a suggested regulatory framework could be changed to the suit the needs of a specific jurisdiction?  Does the IAIABC hold such incredible sway over state legislatures throughout the land that the mere mention of controlling opioid abuse through model laws would cause political, cultural, and clinical mayhem?

Normally a reserved and diplomatic individual, Michael is saying what many others are thinking.  I’m guessing some members of the EC may have been surprised by the reaction to their decision.  IF they were, they shouldn’t have been.  This was, and still is, an opportunity for the IAIABC to lead from the front, to use its considerable influence to begin to stop the dying, the ruining of individual lives and families, the outrageous expense, the societal damage.

If the IAIABC moves quickly to publish comprehensive, specific, and definitive language, the damage – to the organization and its reputation – will be minimized. Call it model language, an example, a guideline, a framework; whatever.  If the process is extended and the result in any way nebulous, ambiguous, vague, or equivocal the damage done will be extensive and lasting.

The IAIABC has done much good work over its long history. The people who work at their offices in Madison, Wisconsin are dedicated, positive, very knowledgeable, and committed.  I’ve met and worked with several members of the EC and been impressed; these are individuals who’ve spent their professional lives working in a highly politicized environment yet succeeding more often than not in making progress on key issues.

To the EC members who blocked approval, I beg of you – get this done, and get it done now.

 

 


Feb
21

WCRI’s latest research says…

 

The good folk at WCRI were kind enough to send me their latest CompScope research which covers workers’ comp cost drivers, components, the impact of regulatory changes, and trends in 16 states.

Needless to say, there’s a LOT there.  And I’d be ‘less than truthful’ if I said I’d read them all.  So, here’s what I gleaned from reviewing what I could in between working on client stuff.  The reports examined data from 2005/06 to 2010/11 for lost-time claims, providing insight into trends, the impact of regulatory reform, and changes in provider practice/billing patterns

  • Inpatient hospital payments per episode – a measure of price inflation – were up 36 percent on average over that period.  Remember, price is but one component of cost – others include intensity of services (e.g. using an MRI instead of an X-Ray) and utilization (how many MRIs per episode) plus the percentage of all claims that get that service (frequency).
  • Outpatient hopsital average payments per claim were up about 31 percent – but fewer claims used outpatient services…
  • The average payment per claim for hospital outpatient treatment/OR/recovery room services increased about 62 percent.
  • The variation in the use of opioids was striking.  17% of Louisiana claimants who started using opioids were still using them 3-6 months later, compared to about 3 percent in Arizona.
  • Less than a quarter of all long-term opioid users were tested for drugs via urine drug screening.
  • Surgical claims were pretty interesting.
    • Average payment for claim for major surgery (not including hospital providers) increased 27.6 percent; however there was essentially no change in the percentage of claims that had major surgery over the study period
    • However, utilization – the volume of services delivered to each claimant who did have surgery – was up about 10 percent.
    • So, we have price and utilization up, but not frequency (the percentage of claims that had surgery)

So, what does all this mean?

Well, surgical costs were driven more by utilization and price than frequency.  Outpatient hospital costs look to be all-but out of control. Clearly, payers need to do a much better job addressing these cost areas.

There’s wide variation in drug usage, indicating one-size-fits-all approaches probably will be too much in some areas and far too little in others.  Payers and their PBMs who understand regional differences will be better able to address this critical cost driver.

A good chunk of the research period was undoubtedly affected by the Great Recession.  Teasing out the impact of the recession will help drive deeper understanding in two ways; the impact of that most powerful of external factors, and structural drivers v macro drivers.


Feb
20

Opioids and the IAIABC’s need to lead

The International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions is the trade group for workers’ comp regulators, the folks who have assumed the responsibility of  advancing “the efficiency and effectiveness of workers’ compensation systems.”

By failing to approve model language for regulations/legislation addressing opioids, the IAIABC’s Executive Committee failed to meet that responsibility.

This may seem like a very small issue, one scarcely deserving of attention or even note.

It is not.

Opioid overuse and abuse kills claimants.  Ruins families.  Destroys lives.  Keeps claimants out of work far longer than they should be, while dramatically increasing employers’ and taxpayers’ costs.  Everyone knows this, understands the implications, and realizes that we must do everything we can, as fast as we can, to address the issue.  Yet the model language, developed carefully and wisely in a structured process by a group of committed experts and dozens of stakeholders working hundreds of hours, over a year-long period, for reasons unfathomable, was not approved by the Executive Committee.

I asked the EC why.  They told me via email that “the models would be overreaching on the part of the IAIABC…We believed the consequences of advancing this prescriptive approach could potentially harm jurisdictions more than help.” Frankly, I don’t see the issue. Model language is just that – language that provides a basis, a framework, a starting point  – it is NOT the final word, the only way, the best practice.  Each state takes that language, refines it, adapts it to meet their unique situation, environment, current laws and regulations, and does so in a process that works for them.

How model language could “harm” states is beyond me – and everyone else I’ve spoken with.  When I asked for specific reasons for their decision, the EC responded:

“adopting model legislation and regulation would be too narrow and restrictive. We were concerned the models that were presented could unintentionally create conflict in jurisdictions that may be already taking steps to initiate regulations for appropriate guidelines.[emphasis added]

What conflict?  How?  Someone in some state might ask “Hey, how come our regs are different from IAIABC’s model language?” As if this never occurs, and is somehow a problem?  Would highly experienced, capable, intelligent, articulate regulators be stumped, unable to articulate a reasonable response, like “Things here in Texas/California/MIssissippi/Maine/New York are different than the rest of the states; we already have regulations/our laws require a different process/we have to address the issue primarily via utilization review/other intelligent response?”

I asked if this means the IAIABC will no longer promote model language, and got a nebulous response; “This decision will not impact future decisions to promulgate models and standards when appropriate.” 

Well.  If opioids are not “appropriate” than what, pray tell, is?

If you get the sense that I’m holding back here, you’re right.  I – along with many others who did a lot more work on the language than I did – are frustrated, angry, disappointed.  Yet I hold out hope that the EC will reconsider their decision, understand that this issue is far bigger than any individual concerns about how the model language may cause them a bit of stress, and approve the language.

The clock is ticking…


Feb
18

Medicaid expansion will…expand.

As governors look more closely at the benefits – and costs (political and financial) of the Medicaid expansion slated to begin next January, more and more are deciding it isn’t such a bad thing after all.  Ohio’s governor has been pushing his supporters in this direction for some time, and Gov Kasich is joined by several of his fellow GOP governors including Michigan, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and North Dakota.  I’d expect Florida will also join the list; I listened to Gov Rick Scott uncomfortably listen to a Florida hospital CEO make his pitch in a meeting last fall, and a compelling pitch it was.

While this may be politically distasteful for some, it’s simply common sense, with a big dose of fiscal reality thrown in.  The reality is this: taxpayers from every state will finance the expansion, with their federal tax dollars paying for 100% till 2017 and 90% thereafter.  So, states that don’t accept the expansion will be providing funding for those that do.

Second, hospitals in particular are screaming for support.  For those who would decry Medicaid expansion as yet another entitlement we can’t afford, the hospitals respond that they are the ones hurt by this noble stance, as they’re providing care to the uninsured.  With the number of uninsured around the 50 million mark, those without insurance get much of their care at hospital emergency rooms.   Medicaid expansion will add about 8 million more people to the insured rolls, greatly lessening the burden on hospitals. It will also add about $300 billion over a decade to hospital revenue.

With those kind of dollars floating around there’s no doubt more states will join Kasich et al and agree to Medicaid expansion. 

So what does this mean?

A few things.

Providers will protest the low, and decreasing, reimbursement for Medicaid recipients. Something is far better than nothing, so safety-net providers will grudgingly accept the deal. The savvy ones – and there are many – will realize that fee-for-service reimbursement is a loser’s game, and push very hard to adopt and prove out different models of delivering care and paying for it.

This is a very good thing.

More coverage for more people lessens the need for providers to shift costs to private insureds, workers’ comp claimants, and auto/liability claimants.

 

 

 


Feb
15

California State Fund’s great work on opioids

70 doctors are writing one-third of the scripts for opioids in California.

Most of those scripts are for conditions where opioids are NOT appropriate treatment.

Those claimants that get opioids are off work 3.6 times longer; litigation is 60 percent higher, and their claim costs are twice as high as claimants who don’t receive opioids.

Hopefully you’re not so jaded by the flood of bad news about opioids that you yawn and move on to updating your facebook status; given the ongoing flood of bad news about opioids that wouldn’t be surprising.  Most fortunately, California’s state workers comp fund (SCIF), is on this issue like white on rice.

Here’s some of what SCIF is doing:

Kudos to SCIF for their assertive stance; it is great to see a payer take this on with a comprehensive and well-designed approach.
What does this mean for you?
If SCIF can do it, so can you.  And yes, the CA rules may be different, but there are ALWAYS things payers can do to address opioid overuse.

 

 


Feb
14

Variations in medical care – it happens in PT, too.

There’s yet more evidence that treatment patterns vary significantly across providers.  Today’s evidence comes courtesy of two academic institutions and Medrisk, Inc. (consulting client) which reported significant differences in the type and duration of physical therapy provided to workers’ comp claimants.

The study looked at several variables contained in billing data: location of service, duration of care, type of care, and other data points; the data was case-mix adjusted.

There are several key takeaways:

  • corporate physical therapy centers billed for more visits and more units per episode than other practice settings.
  • there was a “large difference in treatment utilization between geographic regions regardless of practice setting, diagnosis, body-part treated or surgical intervention”
  • these corporate centers billed for “a lower proportion of physical agents indicating a greater use of those interventions supported by evidence-based guidelines (exercise and manual therapy) compared to other practice settings.”

These findings were consistent across diagnoses and after controlling for surgical v non-surgical cases.

Let’s look at the second takeaway.  It should come as no surprise that the type, volume, and delivery of medical care one gets varies a lot from region to region.  While one would like to think that the care we get is based on science, in many instances the care you receive depends more on where your provider was trained, the local standard of care, and the personal opinion of the treater than what has been scientifically proven to work.

That said, the final point – that treatment in line with evidence-based medical (EBM) guidelines is more common in corporate settings is…intriguing.

Increasing the use of treatments for workers comp claimants that are in line with evidence-based medical (EBM) guidelines is a primary goal of many payers, regulators, and other stakeholders; WCRI’s just-published review of state workers’ comp regulations provides ample evidence of this trend.  While there could well be reasons the use of treatments supported by EBM were more common in corporate-based settings, the discussion in the report appears to address some of the key factors; delay in initial treatment, severity, and acute v chronic status.

Let’s be sure to recognize that these findings are general, overall, and based on statistical analysis.  Undoubtedly there are clinic-based, private, facility-based, and other PT practices that are quite focused on EBM and rigorous in their application.  And, to reiterate, there may well be sound and valid reasons for the differences noted by the stdy authors.

What does this mean for you?

1.  Good to see research focused on this key area of workers’ comp; with 15 to 20 percent of medical dollars spent on physical medicine, the more we know, the better.

2.  Payers should talk to their network partners to find out what type of care their PT providers deliver.  If they don’t know, find a network that does.